<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The Fog Signal™: The Sextant™]]></title><description><![CDATA[Paid subscribers only. Published every other Wednesday at 6 AM Pacific. The Sextant™ is The Fog Signal™ above the fog layer: board-level strategic synthesis delivered as a standalone document, 1,200 to 1,800 words, never paywalled within another post. Convergence scenario modeling, positional analysis, and one decision brief structured as you would prepare it for a client board. This is where you take your bearings.]]></description><link>https://thefogsignal.substack.com/s/the-sextant</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_K6W!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa500193a-1b9d-49fa-90ac-9657d802b5cc_800x800.png</url><title>The Fog Signal™: The Sextant™</title><link>https://thefogsignal.substack.com/s/the-sextant</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 20 Jun 2026 08:40:08 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://thefogsignal.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Armando Pereira]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[thefogsignal@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[thefogsignal@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[thefogsignal@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[thefogsignal@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[The Concentration Beneath the Substrate]]></title><description><![CDATA[Advanced packaging, ABF substrate, and HBM are the physical chokepoint under every AI chip, and a second source is years out]]></description><link>https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/concentration-beneath-the-substrate</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/concentration-beneath-the-substrate</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 13:02:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/240b19a8-15ca-4417-bfe5-bd89f06f57c7_896x1200.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>By Armando Pereira</strong> | Founder, PVentures Consulting | Senior Member IEEE | Co-founder, OpenFog Consortium (IEEE 1934) | President, Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium | Former VP/GM Optical BU, Centillium Communications (CMOS PON SoC, NTT-qualified)</em></p><p style="text-align: right;"><em><strong>Current, specific, not obvious.&#127919;</strong></em></p><h2><strong>&#129517; Welcome back to The Sextant&#8482;</strong></h2><p><em><strong>The Sextant&#8482;</strong></em> is a recurring series of <em><strong>board-level briefings</strong></em> on the hidden constraints shaping the infrastructure in deep-tech. Each issue isolates one constraint and ends with the questions a director should carry into the next board meeting.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://thefogsignal.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://thefogsignal.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>1&#65039;&#8419; Executive Summary</strong></h2><p>Four weeks ago, this series named substrate selection as a five-to-twelve-year capital commitment. Two weeks ago, we named the qualified individual who can negotiate at that layer. Today, we name the fourth constraint, one level below the silicon, every prior issue discussed. The advanced packaging that binds the logic die to its memory, the ABF substrate beneath the package, and the high-bandwidth memory stacked beside it form a single physical chokepoint, three- to five-supplier-wide, that gates the entire AI buildout. Every issue converges on one question: <em><strong>where is your stack single-sourced, and does the board know it?</strong></em></p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/concentration-beneath-the-substrate">
              Read more
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Who Negotiates at the Substrate Layer?]]></title><description><![CDATA[The talent and engineering capacity gap behind the substrate decisions that lock 2026 capital.]]></description><link>https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/who-negotiates-at-the-substrate-layer</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/who-negotiates-at-the-substrate-layer</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2026 13:01:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/218e904a-5643-4c13-a7f4-fdecbe240e2f_896x1200.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>By Armando Pereira</strong> | Founder, PVentures Consulting | Senior Member IEEE | Co-founder, OpenFog Consortium (IEEE 1934) | President, Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium | Former VP/GM Optical BU, Centillium Communications (CMOS PON SoC, NTT-qualified)</em></p><p style="text-align: right;"><em><strong>Current, specific, not obvious.&#127919;</strong></em></p><h2><strong>&#129517; Welcome back to The Sextant&#8482;</strong></h2><p><em><strong>The Sextant&#8482;</strong></em> is a recurring series of <em><strong>board-level briefings</strong></em> on the hidden constraints shaping the infrastructure in deep-tech. Each issue isolates one constraint and ends with the questions a director should carry into the next board meeting.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://thefogsignal.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://thefogsignal.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>1&#65039;&#8419; Executive Summary</strong></h2><p>Four weeks ago this series named the first hidden constraint: packaging, not silicon. Two weeks ago we named the second: substrate selection, a five-to-twelve-year capital commitment. Today we name the third, one layer above silicon and the foundation model: the person qualified to negotiate at the substrate layer. Inference and physical AI converge on one question: who in your organization holds the credential, the standards-body fluency, and the carrier-grade discipline to make a substrate decision that compounds across product cycles?</p>
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          <a href="https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/who-negotiates-at-the-substrate-layer">
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          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Hidden Lock-In Beneath Inference and Physical AI.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Substrate selection in 2026 locks five-to-twelve years of capital. Armando Pereira maps the board governance question across inference and physical AI.]]></description><link>https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/the-hidden-lock-in-beneath-inference-and-physical-ai</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/the-hidden-lock-in-beneath-inference-and-physical-ai</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:01:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e50d85c4-11ea-4609-a42c-e6ba9ab071a8_896x1200.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>By Armando Pereira</strong> | Founder, PVentures Consulting | Senior Member IEEE | Co-founder, OpenFog Consortium (IEEE 1934) | President, Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium | Former VP/GM Optical BU, Centillium Communications (CMOS PON SoC, NTT-qualified)</em></p><p style="text-align: right;"><em><strong>Current, specific, not obvious.&#127919;</strong></em></p><h2><strong>&#129517; Welcome back to The Sextant&#8482;</strong></h2><p><em><strong>The Sextant&#8482;</strong></em> is a recurring series of <em><strong>b&#8230;</strong></em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Hidden Bottleneck in AI Compute]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why advanced packaging, not silicon, is becoming the limiting factor in AI scale.]]></description><link>https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/the-sextant-hidden-bottleneck-ai-compute</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/the-sextant-hidden-bottleneck-ai-compute</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[PVentures Consulting]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 13:00:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rfZ6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc670ce2c-e31c-41f4-973e-830b0bc509df_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/badfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:477797,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://thefogsignal.substack.com/i/196386903?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I0W7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbadfa92b-b51b-4f5a-897c-ac206af3cf48_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>By Armando Pereira</strong> | Founder, PVentures Consulting | Senior Member IEEE | Co-founder, OpenFog Consortium (IEEE 1934) | President, Autonomous Vehicle Computing Consortium | Former VP/GM Optical BU, Centillium Communications (CMOS PON SoC, NTT-qualified)</em></p><p style="text-align: right;"><em><strong> Current, specific, not obvious.&#127919;</strong></em></p>
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          <a href="https://thefogsignal.substack.com/p/the-sextant-hidden-bottleneck-ai-compute">
              Read more
          </a>
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